2014年12月第6期（总第148期）

(双月刊)

目  次

基于Budyko假设的环境变化对流域径流影响的界定

…………………………………………………………刘艳丽，王国庆，金君良，鲍振鑫，刘翠善(1)

梅山水道避风锚地潮流泥沙数值计算……………………………………范红霞，王建中，朱立俊(9)

回填微膨胀自密实混凝土配制及单轴膨胀试验

……………………………………………………刘伟宝，陆采荣，王珩，梅国兴，戈雪良，杨虎(16)

框架墩式码头结构绕流数值模拟…………………………………吕启兵，杨斌，刘明维，李鹏浩(22)

透水框架在改进丁坝结构型式上的应用……………………………………丁晶晶，陆彦，陆永军(30)

太湖蓝藻生境对气候变化的响应………………………黄国情，吴时强，周杰，吴修锋，周冬卉(39)

湍黏系数对浅滩海域三维风暴潮的影响……………………………熊伟，朱志夏，董佳，齐庆辉(45)

海平面上升背景下辐射沙脊风暴潮增水研究…………………俞亮亮，陈可锋，陆培东，张俊彪(52)

河床下切对闸坝泄洪消能的破坏及对策……………………………………李艳富，韩昌海，杨宇(58)

基于二维裂隙网络模拟的岩块搜索与岩层追踪方法……………………………… 李爱华，朱江(65)

吹填淤泥土真空预压沉降计算修正系数的分析………………龚丽飞，朱方方，唐彤芝，吴月龙(71)

基于GHS软件的倾覆船舶扳正计算与分析…………潘德位，林成新，孙德平，刘志杰，周超玉(78)

强夯地基垫层厚度对承载力与变形模量的影响………………岳喜兵，江舜武，王宝善，邓永锋(84)

船舶交通流建模与仿真研究进展…………………………………………徐武雄，初秀民，刘兴龙(91)

海底管道与海床相互作用研究综述……………………………………付长静，李国英，赵天龙(100)

HYDRO-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

(Bimonthly)

Dec. 2014    No.6 (Total No.148)

CONTENTS

An attribution method for catchment-scale runoff variation evaluation under environmental change based on Budyko hypothesis

………………………LIU Yan-li, WANG Guo-qing, JIN Jun-liang, BAO Zhen-xin, LIU Cui-shan(1)

Tidal current and sediment numerical calculation for Meishan waterway

………………………………………………………FAN Hong-xia, WANG Jian-zhong, ZHU Li-jun(9)

Experimental studies on preparation and uniaxial expansion simulation of back-fill micro-expansive self-compacting concrete(SCC)

……………LIU Wei-bao, LU Cai-rong, WANG Heng, MEI Guo-xing, GE Xue-liang, YANG Hu(16)

Numerical simulation of flow around frame dolphin pier structure

………………………………………………LV Qi-bing, YANG Bin, LIU Ming-wei, LI Peng-hao(22)

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a spur dike with permeable groyne head and its application

………………………………………………………………DING Jing-jing, LU Yan, LU Yong-jun(30)

Response of blue-green algae habitat in Taihu Lake to climate change

…………………HUANG Guo-qing, WU Shi-qiang, ZHOU JIe, WU Xiu-feng, ZHOU Dong-hui(39)

Effects of turbulent viscosity coefficient on 3-D storm surge within shallow seas

…………………………………………………XIONG Wei, ZHU Zhi-xia, DONG Jia, QI Qing-hui(45)

A study of storm surge in radial sand ridges under sea level rising

…………………………………YU Liang-liang, CHEN Ke-feng, LU Pei-dong, ZHANG Jun-biao(52)

Riverbed incision damagable to hydraulic structure and its countermeasures

………………………………………………………………LI Yan-fu, HAN Chang-hai, YANG Yu(58)

A rock block auto-searching and rock layer auto-tracing method based on 2D fracture network simulation

…………………………………………………………………………………LI Ai-hua, ZHU Jiang(65)

Analysis of modified coefficients for calculating dredger fill sludge settlement under vacuum preloading

……………………………………GONG Li-fei, ZHU Fang-fang, TANG Tong-zhi, WU Yue-long(71)

Calculation and analysis of righting capsized vessel based on GHS software

……………………… PAN De-wei, LIN Cheng-xin, SUN De-ping, LIU Zhi-jie, ZHOU Chao-yu(78)

Analysis of impact of dynamic compaction foundation cushion thickness on bearing capacity and deformation modulus

……………………………YUE Xi-bing, JIANG Shun-wu, WANG Bao-shan, DENG Yong-feng(84)

Review of modeling and simulation of vessel traffic flow

………………………………………………………XU Wu-xiong, CHU Xiu-min, LIU Xing-long(91)

On interaction between submarine pipelines and seabed under action of waves

……………………………………………………FU Chang-jing, LI Guo-ying, ZHAO Tian-long(100)

基于Budyko假设的环境变化对流域径流影响的界定

刘艳丽^1，2， 王国庆^1，2， 金君良^1，2， 鲍振鑫^1，2， 刘翠善^1，2

(1. 南京水利科学研究院 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210029； 2. 水利部应对气候变化研究中心， 江苏 南京 210029)

摘要：受气候变化和人类活动的共同影响，流域环境的变化导致流域径流发生了很大的变化，对流域水资源管理提出了新的挑战。区分和界定气候变化与人类活动对流域径流的影响，对减缓和适应环境变化的有关措施和行动具有重要的科学支撑价值，也是流域水资源可持续管理中亟待解决的关键问题之一。目前基于水文模型的划分方法在年以上尺度的分析中存在均化效应和附加误差，且由于参数较多相对比较复杂，存在的不确定性因素较多。本研究基于Budyko假设理论建立一种区分气候变化和人类活动对流域径流影响的界定方法，并选取黄土高原三川河流域进行应用分析，通过与VIC模型分析结果比较研究表明，对于年以上尺度径流变化分析，该研究中建立的方法具有较好的适用性。由于气候变化和人类活动对流域径流的影响缺乏真值，该方法丰富了这一问题的研究理论，增进了对该区域环境变化影响的认识。

关 键 词：气候变化； 人类活动； Budyko假设； 径流； 界定； 三川河流域

An attribution method for catchment-scale runoff variation evaluation

under environmental change based on Budyko hypothesis

LIU Yan-li^1，2, WANG Guo-qing^1，2, JIN Jun-liang^1，2, BAO Zhen-xin^1，2, LIU Cui-shan^1，2

(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering， Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China; 2. Research Center for Climate Change of Ministry of Water Resources， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Impacted by climate change and human activity， catchment-scale environment has changed and leaded to remarkable runoff variation， which poses a new challenge to water resources management. Attributing and defining the climate change and the human activity impacts on catchment runoff could scientifically support the measures and actions of environmental change mitigation and adaptation， which is also one of the urgent key problems in sustainable water resources management. In current studies， the hydrological model-based methods indicate averaging effect and additive error above annual scale， and are normally complicated with more uncertainties due to excessive parameters. Based on Budyko hypothesis， this study has presented an attribution method to assess catchment-scale runoff variation impacted by the climate change and the human activity. The Sanchuan River basin in Loess Plateau is selected as a case study. The analysis results show that the proposed method has a preferable applicability to runoff variation analysis for annual scale， compared with the application from VIC model. Because there are no true values of separated impacts from the climate change and the human activity， this method enriches the research theory for the issues， and facilitates the understanding of the impact of the regional environmental change.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： climate change; human activity; Budyko hypothesis; runoff; attribution; Sanchuan River basin

梅山水道避风锚地潮流泥沙数值计算

范红霞， 王建中， 朱立俊

(南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029)

摘要：在地形及水文测验资料收集整理的基础上，建立了梅山水道附近海域平面二维潮流泥沙数学模型，模型经水流泥沙运动相似验证后在典型大、小潮水文条件下进行了工程方案计算，分析研究了梅山水道潮汐通道封闭后其附近海域潮流动力及泥沙冲淤变化情况。研究结果表明，梅山水道潮汐通道涨、落潮量占周边其他水道比例较小，工程的实施未改变周边海域整体潮流场结构及海床冲淤基本平衡的格局，工程后拟建南、北两堤近堤附近海域海床因流速减小形成缓流、回流区，从而使泥沙产生累积性淤积，附近水利设施的运行将受到不同程度影响。

关 键 词：梅山水道； 避风锚地工程； 潮流泥沙； 数值计算

Tidal current and sediment numerical calculation for Meishan waterway

FAN Hong-xia, WANG Jian-zhong, ZHU Li-jun

(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： A 2-D tidal current and sediment mathematical model for Meishan waterway sea area is established on the basis of analyzing the measured data. After flow and sediment motion verification， the model is applied to calculate and analyse the changes of the tidal current and the erosion-siltation variation caused by the anchorage shelter project under typical spring-neap tide conditions. The research results show that the flood and ebb tidal volume in the Meishan waterway constitutes a small percentage of those of the surrounding waterways， bringing no changes of the flow field and sediment balance in the large sea area. Cumulative deposition trend is shown in recirculation and slow-flow region near the proposed two dikes at the south and north waterways because of velocity decreasing, which will give some impacts on the water conservancy facilities located in the adjacent areas. Therefore it is necessary to take protective measures to ensure safe operation of the small sluices and wharfs located in the sea area. The analysis research findings can provide a technical support for the project design and construction.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： Meishan waterway； the anchorage shelter project； tidal current and sediment； numerical calculation

回填微膨胀自密实混凝土配制及单轴膨胀试验

刘伟宝， 陆采荣， 王 珩， 梅国兴， 戈雪良， 杨 虎

(南京水利科学研究院 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210029)

摘要：某水电站采用平压水箱平衡蜗壳内水压力，虽已安全运行了数十年，但水箱内产生了严重锈蚀，检修条件困难，存在安全隐患。为研究回填微膨胀自密实混凝土替代水箱方案的可行性，开展了回填微膨胀自密实混凝土的配制及其单轴膨胀模拟试验研究。根据替代方案的设计要求，回填微膨胀自密实混凝土应具有合适的膨胀量，无需振捣即可将水箱充填密实。采用工程当地原材料，通过拌和物性能试验及水胶比-强度试验，确定了水胶比、砂率等混凝土配合比参数。通过限制膨胀试验和模拟单轴膨胀试验研究了膨胀剂掺量与变形的关系。提出的微膨胀自密实混凝土流变参数在合理范围以内。提出的回填低热微膨胀自密实混凝土配合比及单轴膨胀模拟试验方法可供相关研究和工程参考。

关 键 词：回填； 微膨胀； 自密实混凝土； 混凝土配制； 流变性能； 单轴膨胀

Experimental studies on preparation and uniaxial expansion simulation of

back-fill micro-expansive self-compacting concrete(SCC)

LIU Wei-bao, LU Cai-rong, WANG Heng, MEI Guo-xing, GE Xue-liang, YANG Hu

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering， Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Pressure-balanced water tank is applied to balance the water pressure in concrete volute at a hydroelectric power station which has operated safely for decades. However， corrosion occurred in the tanks in these years. It is too difficult to repair and there is a safety problem in the power station. In order to study the feasibility of backfilling micro-expansion SCC as substitution for pressure water， experiments of preparation and performance have been carried out according to the design requirements. By adopting the site raw materials， mix parameters such as water-cement ratio and sand rate are determined by a series of fresh concrete tests and strength tests. The relationships between the dosage of swelling agent and deformation of concrete have been studied by restricted expansion experiments， autogenous volume deformation tests and uniaxial expansion experiments. The filling ability of this type of SCC is verified by rheological experiments and a simulative self-filling test. The mix proportion and the performance of backfilling micro-expansion SCC can provide a reference for relative researches and similar works of hydraulic engineering.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： back-fill； micro-expansion； self-compacting concrete(SCC)； concrete preparation； rheological properties； uniaxial expansion

框架墩式码头结构绕流数值模拟

吕启兵¹， 杨 斌²， 刘明维²， 李鹏浩³

(1. 中交第二航务工程勘察设计院有限公司， 湖北 武汉 430071； 2. 重庆交通大学 河海学院， 重庆 400074； 3. 温州港集团有限公司， 浙江 温州 325100)

摘要：基于FLUENT软件，针对不同方柱排列组合进行绕流数值模拟，得到不同间距比时各方柱水流阻力系数及三维流场情况，探寻框架墩式结构水流力分布规律。计算结果表明，简单的双方柱串、并联时，方柱阻力变化较有规律；双排并列三方柱绕流时，第一排方柱阻水作用显著，处于尖角位置的方柱绕流参数呈现对称现象，各方柱阻力明显增大，但阻力变化已无规律可循；当上下横撑间距为3倍横撑直径时，相互间影响已经较小；处于上游第一排横撑的水流阻力系数与单方柱时基本相同，第二排横撑所受水流阻力明显减小，与水流方向一致的纵撑其水流阻力可忽略不计。

关 键 词：码头； 水流力； 方柱； 阻力系数； 数值模拟

Numerical simulation of flow around frame dolphin pier structure

LV Qi-bing¹, YANG Bin², LIU Ming-wei², LI Peng-hao³

(1. CCCC Second Harbor Consultants Co., Ltd， Wuhan 430071，China； 2. School of River & Ocean Engineering， Chongqing Jiaotong University， Chongqing 400074， China； 3. Wenzhou Port Group Co., Ltd.， Wenzhou 325100，China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Based on the FLUENT software， different permutations and combinations of square cylinders are used to simulate the flow around frame dolphin pier structure， and get the resistance coefficients and the three dimensional flow field of each square column with different spacing ratios， and explore the law of the flow force distribution on the structure. The calculation results show that the square column resistance changes regularly in series and tied for simply two columns. When two rows of three square columns are used， the first row of the square columns blocks the water remarkably. The parameters of the flow around the square columns in the sharp corners position are symmetric， the resistance of each square column increases obviously， but haphazard. When the fluctuation cross arm spacing is 3 d， it has a little effect on each other. The resistance coefficient of cross arm is basically the same in the first row at the upstream， and the flow resistance of lateral cross arm of the second row decreases obviously. The flow resistance of the vertical support can be neglected. The flow resistance of the vertical cross arm can be ignored with the flow in the same direction.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： wharf； flow force； square column； drag coefficient； numerical simulation

透水框架在改进丁坝结构型式上的应用

丁晶晶， 陆 彦， 陆永军

(南京水利科学研究院  水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210029)

摘要：丁坝坝头绕流呈复杂的三维结构，常导致坝头局部冲刷，易诱发丁坝水毁。为改善丁坝坝头的水流条件，利用四面体透水框架对常规丁坝结构型式作了有益改进，即将常规丁坝的实体坝头改成由四面体透水框架铰接而成的透水坝头，并通过水槽试验研究其水动力特性及冲淤特性。研究表明，透水坝头能有效分散坝头集中绕流，减弱坝头脱离涡的形成条件，并阻滞下潜流，相应地，坝头局部冲刷坑深度也得到有效控制。此外，试验还研究了透水坝头透空率以及长度对局部冲刷的影响。研究发现，存在一个最优透空率，使得透水坝头控制坝头局部冲刷的效果最好，透水坝头的透空率过大或过小时，透水坝头对局部冲刷坑深度的控制有限。另外，在坝头绕流的影响范围内，随着透水坝头长度的增加，其减小坝头局部冲刷的效果越好，当透水坝头长度超过这一范围后，透水坝头长度的增加对减小坝头局部冲刷的效果不再明显。

关 键 词：丁坝； 四面体透水框架； 透水坝头； 水动力特性； 冲淤特性； 局部冲刷

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a spur dike with permeable groyne head and its application

DING Jing-jing, LU Yan, LU Yong-jun

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering，Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The spur dikes are in wide use in the waterway regulation works， however， the emergence of complex three-dimensional flow fields around the groyne head usually leads to the development of a local sour hole which may cause failure of the whole project. In this paper， a novel optimization structure type of the spur dike with permeable groyne head made up of tetrahedron pervious frames is proposed to weaken the flow dynamics at the tip of the spur dike， and a few flume experiments have been conducted in order to study the hydrodynamic characteristics and the scour characteristics of the new structures. Comparing to the conventional ones， significant retardation of the mean velocity and reduction of the velocity gradient are observed  while the flow passes through the permeable groyne head. Thus， the concentrated flow in the vicinity of the groyne head is dispersed progressively， the downward-flow at the tip of the spur dike is weakened， and the formation of the shedding vortex is also reduced effectively， resulting in reduction of local scour， which is helpful to the stability of the groyne； in addition， the permeable groyne head is helpful to deflect the flow， and push the local scour hole away from the groyne head， which is also favorable to the stability of the groyne head. The influence of the permeability and the length of the pervious groyne head on the local scour is also studied in this research. Experimental studies indicate that there is an optimal permeability of the permeable groyne head making the local scour control the best； within the scope of the concentrated flow in the vicinity of the groyne head， a longer permeable groyne head means a better effect to control the local scour. However， when the length of the permeable groyne head exceeds this scope， there are no significant effects on the reduction of the local scour as the length of the groyne head increases.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： spur dike； tetrahedron pervious frame； permeable groyne head； hydrodynamic characteristics； scour characteristics； local scour

太湖蓝藻生境对气候变化的响应

黄国情， 吴时强， 周 杰， 吴修锋， 周冬卉

(南京水利科学研究院 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210029)

摘要：近年来太湖蓝藻暴发已成为重要水污染事件，是太湖面临的重大水安全问题，气候变化因素加剧了其严重性。为了预测未来由于气候变化对太湖蓝藻暴发的影响，并提出应对气候变化的策略，开展了蓝藻生境对气候变化响应关系的研究。基于大量实测气象资料的统计分析与气候变化情景计算，总结分析了近50年来太湖流域气候变化呈现出气温增高、风速略有下降、日照减少、降雨增多、湿度降低等趋势。气候变化是太湖蓝藻水华暴发的重要影响因素，其中气温与风速变化是影响太湖藻类生长的敏感气象因子。气温升高导致的蓝藻暴发风险平均10年将增加约2%，风速降低导致蓝藻水华暴发的风险平均每5年增加约3.5%。结合蓝藻对敏感因子响应关系的试验结果，提出了截污减排、适当清除底泥、打捞蓝藻、调水引流、修复生态等应对措施。

关 键 词：气候变化； 太湖； 蓝藻暴发； 应对措施

Response of blue-green algae habitat in Taihu  Lake to climate change

HUANG Guo-qing, WU Shi-qiang, ZHOU JIe, WU Xiu-feng, ZHOU Dong-hui

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029, China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： In recent years, the algae blooms in the Lake Taihu has become an important water pollution event and major water safe problems, aggravated by a factor of climate change.In order to predict the influence of future climate change on the blooms of blue algae in the Lake Taihu, and propose the responding strategy, a research on climate change the corresponding relationship of cyanobacteria habitat was carried out. Based on a lot of measured meteorological data and climate change scenario calculations, the trend on climate change for recent 50's years of the Lake  Taihu Basin is obtained with increasing in air temperature, slight decreasing in wind speed, reducing in sunshine time, increasing in rainfall and decreasing in humidity. The main factors of climate change on blue-green algae blooms in Lake Taihu are the variations in air temperature and wind speed. The risk of blue-green algae blooms is rising per 10 years on approximately 2% caused by air temperature increases and every 5 years on about average 3.5% caused by wind speed decreases. Combined with experimental responses of blue-green algae to the sensitive factors, some response measures are suggested including cutting pollution abatement, removing sediment appropriately, blue-green algae salvage, water diversiondrainage, ecological restoration etc.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： climate change； Lake Taihu； blue-green algae blooms； response measures

湍黏系数对浅滩海域三维风暴潮的影响

熊 伟^1，2， 朱志夏^1，2， 董 佳^1，2， 齐庆辉^1，2

(1. 江苏省交通规划设计院股份有限公司， 江苏 南京 210014； 2. 江苏省水运工程技术研究中心， 江苏 南京 210014)

摘要：利用WRF大气模式和基于有限体积法的三维海洋数值模型FVCOM，建立了连云港及其附近浅滩海域的三维风暴潮流数学模型。运用k-ε和MY-2.5两种不同的湍流模型，对“韦帕”台风作用下的三维风暴潮流进行了数值模拟，并对计算得到的三维风暴潮流流场结果和垂向湍流黏性系数结果进行了对比分析。计算分析结果表明，两种不同湍流模型计算所得的风暴潮增水差别很小，可以忽略；但在风生流较强的时间段内，MY-2.5湍流模型计算所得的水平流速流向沿垂向分布并不一致，而k-ε湍流模型的计算结果较好，与实测分层潮流资料更为符合。研究结果表明，垂向湍流黏性系数沿水深的垂向分布对浅滩海域风暴潮流水平流速的垂向结构至关重要，建议选用k-ε湍流模型计算垂向湍流黏性系数和湍流扩散系数。

关 键 词：湍黏系数； 浅滩海域； 三维数值模型； 风暴潮； 垂向分布

Effects of turbulent viscosity coefficient on 3-D storm surge within shallow seas

XIONG Wei^1，2, ZHU Zhi-xia^1，2, DONG Jia^1，2, QI Qing-hui^1，2

(1. Jiangsu Province Communications Planning and Design Institute Limited Company， Nanjing 210014， China； 2. Jiangsu Province Waterway Engineering Technology Research Center， Nanjing 210014， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Using a WRF atmospheric model and a 3-D ocean numerical model FVCOM based on finite volume method， a three-dimensional numerical model of storm surge within Lianyungang shallow waters is developed. The 3-D storm surge during typhoon WIPHA is simulated by use of different turbulence models such as k-ε and MY-2.5. The simulation results of the 3-D storm surge flow and vertical turbulence viscosity coefficient are analyzed in the study. The analysis results show that， compared with the poor results from MY-2.5 model， the vertical velocity and direction distribution of the storm surge calculated by k-ε model has a good agreement with the measured data， and the values of the vertical turbulence viscosity coefficient are crucial for the vertical structure of the storm surge， therefore a right turbulence model is preferred. The k-ε turbulence model is suggested for simulation of the 3-D storm surge in the future.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： viscosity coefficients; shallow seas; 3D numerical simulation; storm surge; vertical distribution

海平面上升背景下辐射沙脊风暴潮增水研究

俞亮亮¹， 陈可锋²， 陆培东²， 张俊彪¹

(1. 国家海洋局第二海洋研究所， 浙江 杭州 310012； 2. 南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029)

摘要：海平面上升将对沿海环境构成严重威胁，风暴潮灾害频发和加剧是其中一个重要方面。相关研究揭示水深和潮波变化是引起风暴潮增水与海平面上升之间非线性关系的两大主要因素。在地形和潮波系统较为复杂的苏北辐射沙脊海域这种非线性关系尤为明显。总结了该海域潮波、风暴潮特征和海平面变化趋势，利用WRF模式和Delft 3D风暴潮模式相结合，建立了东中国海和南黄海二维天文潮-风暴潮耦合数学模型。分析研究了海平面上升以后，相同路径和强度的两种典型台风作用下，辐射沙脊海域风暴增水极值和高潮位变化。分析结果表明：海平面上升后，辐射沙脊海域增水作用普遍减弱，近岸较外海明显；而在辐射沙脊中、南部，海平面上升对天文潮高潮位的增强作用要强于对风暴增水的减弱作用。

关 键 词：辐射沙脊； 海平面上升； 风暴增水； 数值模拟

A study of storm surge in radial sand ridges under sea level rising

YU Liang-liang¹, CHEN Ke-feng², LU Pei-dong², ZHANG Jun-biao¹

(1. The Second Institute of Oceanography， SOA， Hangzhou 310012， China； 2. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Sea level rise would result in a serious threat to the coastal environment， and an important factor is the intensifying and increasing frequency of the storm surge. The relationship between storm surge and sea level rise is not linear according to related studies. The variations of tidal waves and water depth are found to be the two main causes. Radial sand ridges off the north Jiangsu are a particularly interesting area for studying this nonlinear interaction， as there exist a complex large geomorphic system and an astronomic tidal system. The paper summarizes the tide and storm surge characteristics in radial sand ridges， as well as the trend of sea level change. Then a two-dimensional coupled model of astronomic tide and storm surge is established for the East China Sea and the South Yellow Sea， by use of WRF model and Delft 3D storm surge model. The distributions of the maximum water level set-up and the high level change when sea level rises are analyzed， under the effects of two typical typhoons which have the same path and intensity. The analysis results show that the water level set-up decreases universally in the radial sand ridges when the sea level rises， and it is more significant at near shore than the open sea. While in the middle and south radial sand ridges， the enhancement of the astronomical high tide level caused by the sea level rising is stronger than the attenuation of sea level rising by the storm surge.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： radial sand ridges； sea level rising； storm surge； numerical simulation

河床下切对闸坝泄洪消能的破坏及对策

李艳富， 韩昌海， 杨 宇

(南京水利科学研究院 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室， 江苏 南京 210029)

摘要：河床下切导致的闸坝下游水位降低，上下游水位差增大，造成原有消能工不能满足消能要求，甚至大洪水时发生严重破坏。小埠东橡胶坝工程采用一、二级消力池联合消能工设计，由于下游河道连续多年采砂超量，河床急剧下切，导致消能工多次毁坏，严重危及闸坝安全且带来巨大损失。通过水力学模型模拟了小埠东枢纽消能工消能效果，分析了破坏原因。结合多个消能工优化方案的消能试验，提出的推荐方案一、二级消力池均能产生稳定的水跃，满足校核洪水消能要求。通过变动枢纽下游水位的消能试验，研究了消能工推荐方案下游河道允许下切极限。工程实际应用表明，推荐的消能工结构遭遇大洪水时未发生破坏，研究提出的因河床下切造成的消能破坏加固理念和对策可为类似工程借鉴参考。

关 键 词：河床下切； 消能工； 二级消能； 消能试验； 允许河床下切极限

Riverbed incision damagable to hydraulic structure and its countermeasures

LI Yan-fu, HAN Chang-hai, YANG Yu

(State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering， Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Riverbed incision at the downstream of the dam would induce fall in water level and water level fluctuation. As a result， the original energy dissipater of the dam can not be able to dissipate water power completely. Rising water power will destroy the energy dissipation structure. An energy dissipation structure having two steps is used in the Xiaobudong rubber dam. Due to excessive sand mining， the riverbed was sharply incised for successive years， the energy dissipation structure was thus destructed. The structure was reinforced many times， but during a heavy flood the energy dissipation structure between the first stilling pool and the second still pool was destroyed around the whole dam line, which brought huge economic losses and threat to the Xiaobudong rubber dam. In this study， based on hydraulic experiments, the failure of the energy dissipator of the Xiaobudong dam is analyzed. The connection section between the first and second energy dissipaters has been re-designed， and as a result, in the first and second stilling basins, stable hydraulic jump, is formed, and the energy dissipator is found in good condition. Besides， the limit depth of riverbed incision is also studied. After reinforcement measures are actually implemented， the energy dissipator of the dam is able to dissipate the water power completely， and the energy dissipation structure suffers no damage again. The ideas and measures of the reinforcement in this study can provide a reference for other energy dissipators facing the similar threat caused by riverbed incision.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： riverbed incision； energy dissipation structure； energy dissipater having two steps； hydraulic experiment for energy dissipation； limit riverbed incision depth

基于二维裂隙网络模拟的岩块搜索与岩层追踪方法

李爱华， 朱 江

(中国石油大学(华东)， 山东 青岛 266580)

摘要：脉动压力在岩石河床裂隙中的传播是导致大坝下游基岩冲刷破坏的主要原因之一。岩体裂隙网络作为水体的赋存空间，其结构特性决定了水流脉动压力波的传播规律。应用蒙特卡洛模拟方法，编译Fortran程序语言，模拟得出与天然岩体裂隙网络在统计上完全等效的、具有相似结构特性的仿真裂隙网络，实现管网线元和节点的自动编号存储。借助矩阵理论定义了衔接矩阵和回路矩阵，从数学意义上精确描述裂隙网络。提出了基岩冲刷破坏过程中，孤立岩块的自动搜索和逐层追踪的新方法。文中以10 m×10 m范围内的两组裂隙为例，依据裂隙网络的统计分布规律，通过蒙特卡洛模拟，给出由两组裂隙组成裂隙网络的模拟结构图以及块体逐层自动追踪的结果。研究结果为高坝下游基岩冲刷过程的模拟研究奠定基础。

关 键 词：裂隙网络； 蒙特卡洛模拟方法； 块体搜索； 逐层追踪

A rock block auto-searching and rock layer auto-tracing method

based on 2D fracture network simulation

LI Ai-hua, ZHU Jiang

(China University of Petroleum， Qingdao 266580，China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Rock bed scour downstream of high dams is mainly due to propagation of the fluctuating pressure within rock mass fractures. The fractures network is the storage of groundwater， and its structure determines the propagation law of the fluctuating pressure. In this paper， applying the Monte-Carlo simulation method， a simulated network of rock fractures is obtained by compiling a Fortran program. The simulated network is equivalent to the real rock fractures network in the aspect of statistics and has similar structure characteristics with the real network. Meanwhile， the cells′ and nodes′ numbers are automatically added to the network. Based on the matrix theory， the network is accurately represented by the joint matrix and the loop matrix. In order to reproduce the bed scour process， new methods of isolated block auto-searching and rock layer auto-tracing are proposed in the study. In this paper， as an example， two groups of the rock mass fractures in the area of 10 m×10 m are simulated by the Monte-Carlo simulation method. The figure of the fracture network is given and the results of rock layer auto-tracing at different scour stages are given by the Monte-Carlo method. These analysis results have laid a solid foundation for numerical simulation of riverbed scour process at the downstream of high dams.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： fractures network； Monte-Carlo simulation method； rock block auto-searching； rock layer auto-tracing

吹填淤泥土真空预压沉降计算修正系数的分析

龚丽飞^1，2， 朱方方²， 唐彤芝^1，2， 吴月龙²

(1. 南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029； 2. 南京瑞迪建设科技有限公司， 江苏 南京 210029)

摘要：同天然软土相比，吹填淤泥土初始含水量高，初始孔隙比甚至超过3。通过对比国内不同行业的相关规范可知，软土地基设计阶段的沉降计算尤其是沉降修正系数取值难以适用于吹填淤泥土。通过对天然软土地基沉降计算进行分析，研究了吹填淤泥土采用真空预压处理下的沉降特点。结果表明，吹填淤泥土沉降修正系数的取值范围幅度远大于规范给定的取值范围。对不同地区吹填土沉降数据进行分析，从实例角度验证吹填淤泥土沉降计算修正系数取值范围；对吹填淤泥土沉降与厚度关系曲线进行拟合，得出沉降量与吹填层厚度的比值在初步设计阶段可按吹填厚度的30%考虑。

关 键 词：吹填淤泥土； 真空预压； 沉降； 修正系数

Analysis of modified coefficients for calculating dredger fill

sludge settlement under vacuum preloading

GONG Li-fei^1,2, ZHU Fang-fang², TANG Tong-zhi^1,2, WU Yue-long²

(1. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute， Nanjing 210029， China； 2. Nanjing R & D Tech Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210029， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： Compared with natural soft soil， dredger fill sludge has high initial moisture content (100%) and high initial void ratio, even more than three. By comparing the different relevant norms， it is indicated that the settlement calculation and the settlement value of the modified coefficients of the soft soil in design phase are inadequate to the dredger fill sludge. The settlement characteristics of the dredger fill sludge under vacuum preloading is analyzed by comparing the settlement calculation of the natural soft ground. The analysis results show that the range of the modified coefficients of the dredger fill sludge is much larger than that given in the norms. Additionally， the settlement data of the dredger fill sludge collected from different regions have been analyzed to verify the range of the settlement modified coefficients. Fitting the relationship curves between the measured settlement and thickness of the dredger fill sludge, thus it is concluded that the ratio of the settlement and thickness in 30% of the hydraulic reclamation thickness can be taken into account in the preliminary design phase.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： dredger fill sludge； vacuum preloading； settlement； modified coefficient

基于GHS软件的倾覆船舶扳正计算与分析

潘德位¹， 林成新¹， 孙德平²， 刘志杰¹， 周超玉¹

(1. 大连海事大学 交通运输装备与海洋工程学院， 辽宁 大连 116026； 2. 大连海事大学 轮机工程学院， 辽宁 大连 116026)

摘要：在考虑难船浮性和稳性的基础上，研究了倾覆船舶的扳正过程。根据船舶的受力特点，建立了打捞难船的扳正力力学模型；针对传统扳正力编程计算时间长和前期数据输入量大的问题，提出利用GHS软件的Salvage模块进行分析计算。并以某倾覆船舶扳正为例，建立三维模型并对其扳正过程进行仿真计算研究，从计算结果可以分析出最大扳正力值及其出现的扳正阶段、该船舶的稳性状态及船舶纵向上的强度分布情况。GHS软件能够合理模拟横倾船舶的扳正过程，适用于制定船舶救助打捞方案。

关 键 词：倾覆船舶； 沉船打捞； 扳正力； 浮力和稳性； GHS软件

Calculation and analysis of righting capsized vessel based on GHS software

PAN De-wei¹， LIN Cheng-xin¹， SUN De-ping²， LIU Zhi-jie¹， ZHOU Chao-yu¹

(1. Transportation Equipment & Ocean Engineering， Dalian Maritime University， Dalian 116026， China； 2. Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University， Dalian 116026， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The uprighting process of the capsized vessel considering the buoyancy and stability of the wreck has been studied in this paper. A model of the righting force for the wreck salvage is established according to the mechanical characteristics of the wreck. The analysis and calculation are demonstrated by the salvage module of GHS software in view of the problem of righting force programme， which needs long computing time and large amount of data input. Taking the simulation of righting a capsized ship as an example， a three-dimensional model is developed and the righting process is simulated by using GHS software. The maximum righting force and the occurring phase， angle of vanishing stability and longitudinal distribution of torque values can be obtained from the analysis. And the analysis results can play a crucial role in the uprighting process of the capsized ship. The uprighting process of the inclining ship can be simulated by using GHS software， which is suitable for making salvage schemes.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： capsized vessels； wreck salvage； righting force； buoyant force and stability； GHS software

强夯地基垫层厚度对承载力与变形模量的影响

岳喜兵^1,2， 江舜武³， 王宝善⁴， 邓永锋¹

(1. 东南大学 岩土工程研究所， 江苏 南京 210096； 2. 江苏省交通规划设计院股份有限公司， 江苏 南京 210014； 3. 连云港新海湾码头有限公司， 江苏 连云港 222000； 4. 连云港港口集团有限公司 工程管理部， 江苏 连云港 222000)

摘要：对江苏省连云港赣榆港区吹填土强夯地基进行了两组现场载荷试验，探讨不同强夯垫层厚度的强夯地基承载力特性。在现场试验基础上，采用有限元法分析垫层厚度对附加应力系数和传递深度的影响，结果表明强夯垫层能有效增大附加应力的扩散作用，明显提高地基承载力，附加应力在2倍板径深度范围内下降到板底应力的6%以下；但地基土屈服后会使附加应力往深层传递。综合数值模拟的结果分析，表明附加应力与自重应力比值为0.2时所确定的计算深度随板底应力水平的增大而增大，不是一个固定值。在此基础上探讨了载荷试验反演的地基变形模量与按垫层厚度的加权模量间的关系，结果表明按厚度加权获得的地基平均模量为载荷试验反演的变形模量的1.2倍。

关 键 词：载荷试验； 垫层厚度； 影响深度； 变形模量； 附加应力系数

Analysis of impact of dynamic compaction foundation cushion thickness

on bearing capacity and deformation modulus

YUE Xi-bing^1，2, JIANG Shun-wu³, WANG Bao-shan⁴, DENG Yong-feng¹

(1. Institute of Geotechnical Engineering， Transportation College， Southeast University， Nanjing 210096， China； 2. Jiangsu Province Communications Planning and Design Institute Limited Company, Nanjing 210014, China； 3. Xinhaiwan Port Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222000, China； 4. Project Management Department of Lianyungang Port Group Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222000, China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： In this study, two groups of field loading tests are performed to study the influences of the cushion on the bearing capacity after the dynamic consolidation at Ganyu port in Lianyungang city. According to experimental data from two groups tests, the cushion thickness effects on the additional stress coefficient, influence depth of loading plate and average deformation modulus have been analyzed by using FEM numerical simulation. The analysis results show that the thickness of the cushion significantly reduces settlement and improves additional stress diffusion. And the additional stress coefficients would drop to below 6% of the stress at bottom of the plate at the 2 times of the plate diameter； when the foundation comes into yielding, the coefficients would be intensified. The influence depth of the plane load test would increase with the increase of the stress level at the plate bottom, not a constant ratio to the diameter of the plate. In addition, the relationships between the average deformation modulus weighted by the cushion thickness and that back-analyzed by the PLT tests are also discussed in this paper, and the results indicate that the the average deformation modulus weighted by the cushion thickness is 1.2 times higher than that of the latter, which can be used to estimate the reasonable foundation modulus.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： plane loading test; cushion thickness; influence depth; deformation modulus; additional stress coefficients

船舶交通流建模与仿真研究进展

徐武雄^1，2， 初秀民¹， 刘兴龙¹

(1. 武汉理工大学 水路公路交通安全控制与装备教育部工程研究中心， 湖北 武汉 430063； 2. 湖北科技学院 电信学院， 湖北 咸宁 437100)

摘要：船舶交通流受到多种因素的影响，难以用精确的数学模型描述，人们常用仿真的方法对其进行研究。通过仿真，可以定量或形象地分析船舶的行为特征和规律，评价航道的通过能力、航行风险、组织和管理等能力。对国内外船舶交通流建模和仿真的进展情况进行分析和总结，回顾了船舶交通流仿真的国内外研究现状，提炼了交通流仿真的核心内容和流程。同时探讨了船舶交通流的建模方法，并分析了船舶交通流仿真的关键技术及典型应用。最后展望了交通流仿真的发展趋势。

关 键 词：船舶交通流； 建模与仿真； 蒙特卡罗方法； 智能体

Review of modeling and simulation of vessel traffic flow

XU Wu-xiong^1，2, CHU Xiu-min¹, LIU Xing-long¹

(1. Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety， Ministry of Education， Wuhan University of Technology， Wuhan 430063， China； 2. The School of Electronic and Information Engineering， Hubei University of Science and Technology， Xianning 437100， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： The vessel traffic flow is affected by many factors and it is difficult to describe it with an accurate mathematic model. So it is studied by means of simulation in order to analyze quantitatively or visually the behavior characteristics and laws of vessels and to evaluate the transit capacity of channels， navigation risk， organization and management ability and so on. In this paper， a review is made on the modeling and simulation of the vessel traffic flow. Firstly the research status of simulating the vessel traffic flow is introduced； secondly its core content and process are refined； thirdly its modeling methods are discussed； fourthly its key technologies are analyzed； fifthly its main applications are summed up and finally its development trends are presented. Simulation modeling theory and method as well as implementation technology for the vessel traffic flow are not mature, and there are many problems to be solved. The domestic research lags behind that of foreign countries, therefore it is necessary to promote the relevant research to provide techuical support to the development of a green, safe and efficient maritime traffic.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： vessel traffic flow； modeling and simulation； Monte Carlo method； agent

海底管道与海床相互作用研究综述

付长静^1，2， 李国英¹， 赵天龙¹

(1. 南京水利科学研究院， 江苏 南京 210029； 2. 河海大学 土木与交通学院， 江苏 南京 210098)

摘要：随着海上油气田的快速发展，目前我国已建海底管道超过6 000 km。近年来，管道事故时有发生，管道工程的安全性和管道的稳定性问题得到越来越多研究学者的重视。鉴于海底管道与海床的相互作用是研究管道稳定性问题的关键，从而阐述了海底管道在波浪作用下与海床间相互作用的试验研究现状，包括机械加载式试验、水槽模型试验、离心模型试验等；以及理论研究现状，包括解析方法和数值方法等。最后对波浪作用下海底管道和海床相互作用尚待研究的问题进行了展望，研究分析认为正确建立管道与海床本构模型等问题是未来研究海底管道稳定性的重要方向。

关 键 词：波浪作用； 海底管道； 海床； 管-土相互作用； 管道稳定性

On interaction between submarine pipelines and seabed under action of waves

FU Chang-jing^1，2, LI Guo-ying¹, ZHAO Tian-long¹

(1. Nanjing Hydraulic Reasearch Institute， Nanjing 210029， China； 2. College of Civil and Transportation Engineering， Hohai University， Nanjing 210098， China)

Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ： With the rapid development of offshore oil and gas fields， the length of submarine pipelines in China is over 6 000 km. In recent years， the stability and security of the submarine pipeline works have been attracting more and more attention of experts and scholars because the accidents take place frequently. The interaction between the submarine pipelines and seabed is the main part in pipeline stability research. On the basis of literature reading， the current status of the experimental research on the interaction between the seabed and the submarine pipelines has been analized， including the types of mechanical loading tests， flume model tests， and centrifuge model tests， as well as the status of theoretical studies， including analysis methods and numerical methods. Finally， the problems concerning the interaction between the submarine pipeline and seabed that need to be further studied are expounded. The analysis results show that the establishment of a constitutive model is an important approach to the study of the interaction among wave, seabed, and pipelines and the stability of the pipelines in the future.

Ｋｅｙ　ｗｏｒｄｓ： wave action； subsea pipeline； seabed； interaction of pipe and soil； pipeline stability